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&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Contents Chapter 1 Introduction …….................…..................…..................………. 11. 1 Characteristics of the Ship’s Propeller Jet.............................................11. 2 Applications of the Ship’s Propeller Jet ……………………………………………… 21. 3 Scope of the Book …………………………………………………………………… 3Chapter 2 Equations used to Predict the Velocity Components · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 52. 1 Concept of Propeller Jet ……………………………………………………………… 52. 1. 1 Plain Water Jet …………………………………………………………………… 52. 1. 2 Axial Momentum The。可………·……………………………………………….. 62. 2 Limitations of Plain Water Jet and Axial Momentum Theory ………………………… 82. 3 Semi-empirical Equations for a Propeller Jet ………………………………………… 92. 3. 1 Efflux Velocity …………………………….........……………………………… 92. 3. 2 Contraction of the Propeller Jet ………………………………………………… 102.3.3 Len♂h of the Zone of Flow Establishment ……………………………………… 112. 3. 4 Zone of Flow Establishment …………………………………………………… 112. 3. 5 Zone of Established Flow ……………………………………………………… 142. 3. 6 RotationaVtangential Component of Velocity …………………………………… 162. 3. 7 Radial Component of Velocity ………………………………………………… 17Chapter 3 Numercial Simulations …......................….....................…… 223. 1 Selection of CFD Software …………………………………………………………… 23. 2 Selection of Hardware ………………………………………………………………… 243 . 3 Propeller ……………………………………………………………………………… 253 . 3 . 1 Propeller Configuration ………………………………………………………… 253. 3. 2 Basic Characteristic of Propeller ……………………………………………… 263. 3. 3 Propellers in Current Studies …………………………………………………… 263. 4 Geometry Creation …………………………………………………………………… 283. 5 Grid Generation ……………………………………………………………………… 303. 5. 1 Grid Generation Using Unstructured Grid ……………………………………… 313. 5. 2 Grid Generation Using Structured Grid ………………………………………… 323. 6 Domain Sensitivity …………........……………………….........…………………· 343. 6. 1 Cuboidal Domain or Cylindrical Domain ……………………………………… 343. 6. 2 Domain Independence for Structured Mesh …………………………………… 353. 6. 3 Domain Independence for Unstructured Mesh ………………………………… 363. 7 Grid Sensitivity ……………………………………………………………………… 363. 7. 1 Grid Independence of a Structured Mesh ……………………………………… 373. 7. 2 Grid Independence of an Unstructured Mesh …………………………………… 373. 8 Propeller 3 D Scanning ……………………………………………………………… 383. 9 Boundary Conditions and Continuum Specification ………………………………… 383. 10 Governing Equations of CFD ……………………………………………………… 393. 11 Turbulence Model …………………………………………………………………… 413. 11. 1 Standard k-e Turbulence Model ……………………………………………… 413. 11. 2 RNG k-e Turbulence Model ………………………………………………….. 423. 11. 3 Realizable k-e Turbulence Model …………………………………………… 433 . 11. 4 Standard ιw Turbulence Model ……………………………………………· 433 . 11 . 5 Shear Stress Transport ( SST) k-w Model …….................................... 443 . 11. 6 Spalart-Allmaras Model ……………………………………………………… 443. 11. 7 Reynolds Stress Model ( RSM)………………………………………………… 443. 12 Computational Demand ……………………………………………………………… 451 日Mesh Movement …………………………………………………………………… 453. 14 Discretisation Scheme ……………………………………………………………… 473. 15 Near-wall Treatment ………………………………………………………………… 43. 16 Solution Algorithm ………………………………………………………………… 483. 17 Convergence ………………………………………………………………………… 493. 18 Concluding Comments ……………………………………………………………… 49Chapter 4 Investigation of CFD Models …........................….................. 884. 1 Notation ……………………………………………………………………………… 884. 2 Geometry Analysis …………………………………………………………………… 884. 3 Structured Grid or Unstructured Grid ……………………………………………… 904. 4 Modelling the Rotation ……………………………………………………………… 914. 5 Turbulence Model …………………………………………………………………… 924. 5. 1 Standard k-e Model in the Structured Grid …………………………………… 924. 5. 2 RNG k-e Model in the Structured Grid ………………………………………944. 5. 3 Realizable k-e Model in the Structured Grid …………………………………… 954. 5. 4 Standard k-w Model in the Structured Grid …………………………………… 964. 5. 5 SST k-w Model in the Structured Grid ………………………………………… 974. 5. 6 Spalart-Allmaras Model in the Structured Grid ………………………………… 974. 5. 7 Reynolds Stresses Model ( RSM) in the Structured Grid ……………………… 984. 6 Discretisation Scheme ………………………………………………………………… 984. 6. 1 Discretisation Scheme Using Structured Grid …………………………………… 984. 6. 2 Discretisation Scheme Using Unstructured Grid ………………………………… 994. 6. 3 Numerical Instability due to Second Order Scheme …………………………… 1014. 7 Proposed Method …………………………………………………………………… 1014. 8 Concluding Comments ………………………………·…………………………….. 102Chapter 5 Application of CFD Models ….......…..... ...…………...............… 1545. 1 Grid Generation …………………………………………………………………… 1545. 2 Grid Independence …………………………………··……………………………· 1545. 3 Decay of the Maximum Axial Velocity ……………………………………………… 1555. 4 Axial Velocity Distribution ………………………………………………………… 1555. 4. 1 Axial Velocity Distribution at Efflux Plane …………………………………… 1555. 4. 2 Extent of the Zone of Flow Establishment …………………………………… 1555. 4. 3 Extent of the Zone of Established Flow ……………………………………… 1565. 5 Decay of the Maximum Tangential Velocity ………………………………………… 1565. 6 Extent of the Tangential Component of Velocity …………………………………… 1565. 7 Decay of the Maximum Radial Velocity …………………………………………… 1575. 8 Extent of the Radial Component of Velocity ……………………………………… 1575. 9 Concluding Comments ……………………………………………………………… 157Chapter 6 LDA Setup ………………………………………………………........…· 1686. 1 Experimental Set-up ………………………………………………………………… 1686. 1. 1 Propeller Model ……………………………………………………………… 1696. 1. 2 Scaling of Experimental Model ………………………………………………… 1696. 2 Data Acquisition …………………………………………………………………… 1716. 2. 1 Measurement Grid …………………………………………………………… 1716. 2. 2 Laser Doppler Anemometry ………………………………………………··…· 1726. 2. 3 Dantec LDA Measurement System …………………………………………… 1736. 3 Source of Errors …………………………………………………………………… 1746. 4 Particle Image Velocimetry ………………………………………………………… 1756. 5 Concluding Comments …………·………………………………………………….. 175Chapter 7 Experimental Measurement …........….......…..............….......… 1877. 1 Axial Component of Velocity ……………………………………………………… 1877. 1. 1 Axisymetric about Rotation Axis ……………………………………………… 1887. 1. 2 Efflux Velocity ………………………………………………………………… 1897. 1. 3 Position of the Efflux Velocity ………………………………………………… 1897. 1. 4 Contraction of the Propeller Jet ……………………………………………… 1907 .1. 5 Len阱of Zone of Flow Establishment…..........................… 1907. 1. 6 Decay of the Maximum Axial Velocity within the Zone of Flow Establishment … 1917. 1. 7 Position of Maximum Velocity from the Rotation Axis within the Zone of Flow Estahlishmen……………………………………………………… 1917. 1. 8 Extent of the Zone of Flow Establishment …………………........…………· 1927. 1. 9 Extent of the Zone of Established Flow ……………………………………… 1937. 2 Tangential Component of Velocity ………………………………………………… 1937. 2. 1 Decay of Maximum Tangential Velocity ……………………………………… 1937. 2. 2 Extent of the Tangential Component of Velocity …………………………·….. 1947. 3 Radial Component of Velocity ……………………………………………………… 1957. 3. 1 Decay of the Maximum Radial Velocity ……………………………………… 1957. 3. 2 Extent of the Radial Component of Velocity ………………………………… 1957. 4 Concluding Comments ……………………………………………………………… 196Chapter 8 Turbulence Intensity · · · · · · · ·….........………........…........…......... 2128. 1 Definition of Turbulence Intensity ………………………………………………… 2128. 1. 1 Definition of Turbulence Intensity from Dantec LDA System ………………… 2138. 1. 2 Definition of Turbulence Intensity from Fluent ……………………………… 2148. 1. 3 Reference Velocity for Turbulence Intensity ………........…………………· 2158. 2 Investigation of LDA’s and CFD’s Outputs Used in Turbulence Intensity Comparison ............ 2158. 2. 1 Component Turbulent Fluctuation …………………………………………… 2168. 2. 2 Turbulence Intensity …………………………………………………………· 2188. 3 Turbulence Intensity within a Ship’s Propeller Jet ………………………………… 2198. 4 Turbulence Intensity within a Ship’s Propeller Jet Using Standard k-e Turbulence Model..................................... 2218. 5 Turbulence Intensity within a Ship’s Propeller Jet Using RNG k-e, Realizable k-e,Standard k-w and SST k-w Models ………………………………………………………… 2218. 6 Turbulence Intensity within a Ship’s Propeller Jet Using Reynolds Stress Model ( RSM)...........................…2238. 7 Turbulence Intensity within a Ship’s Propeller Jet Using Spalart-Allmaras Model…2248. 8 Concluding Comments ……………………………………………………………… 225· Chapter 9 Conclusions &amp; Recommendations …….....…...............….......... 2419. 1 Conclusions ………………………………………………………………………… 2419. 2 Recommendations for Future Research …………………………………………… 245References ………………………………………………………………………………… 247